How to Do the Barking Dog Chemistry Demonstration

The Barking Dog chemistry demonstration is based on an exothermic reaction between nitrous oxide or nitrogen monoxide and carbon disulfide. Ignition of the mixture in a long tube results in a bright blue chemiluminescent flash, accompanied by a characteristic barking or woofing sound. Materials for the Barking Dog Demonstration Stoppered glass tube containing N2O (nitrous oxide) or NO (nitrogen monoxide or nitric oxide). You can prepare and collect nitrous oxide or nitrogen monoxide yourself.CS2, carbon disulfideLighter or match How to Perform the Barking Dog Demonstration Unstopper the tube of nitrous oxide or nitrogen monoxide to add a few drops of carbon disulfide.Immediately re-stopper the container.Swirl the contents around to mix the nitrogen compound and carbon disulfide.Light a match or lighter. Unstopper the tube and ignite the mixture. You can throw a lit match into the tube or use a long-handled lighter.The flame front will move rapidly, creating a bright blue chemiluminescent flash and a barking or woofing sound. You can re-light the mixture a few times. After the demonstration is performed, you can see sulfur coating the inside of the glass tube. Safety Information This demonstration should be prepared and performed inside a fume hood by a person wearing safety goggles. Carbon disulfide is toxic and has a low flash point. What Is Happening in the Barking Dog Demonstration? When the nitrogen monoxide or nitrous oxide is mixed with carbon disulfide and ignited, a combustion wave travels down the tube. If the tube is long enough you can follow the progression of the wave. The gas ahead of the wavefront is compressed and explodes at a distance determined by the length of the tube (which is why when you re-ignite the mixture, the barking sounds in harmonics). The bright blue light that accompanies the reaction is one of the few examples of a chemiluminescent reaction that occurs in the gas phase. The exothermic decomposition reaction between nitrogen monoxide (oxidizer) and carbon disulfide (fuel) forms nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and elemental sulfur. 3 NO CS2 → 3/2 N2 CO SO2 1/8 S8 4 NO CS2 → 2 N2 CO2 SO2 1/8 S8 Notes about the Barking Dog Reaction This reaction was performed by Justus von Liebig in 1853 using nitrogen monoxide and carbon disulfide. The demonstration was so well-received that Liebig performed it a second time, although this time there was an explosion (Queen Therese of Bavaria received a minor wound on the cheek). Its possible the nitrogen monoxide in the second demonstration was contaminated with oxygen, to form nitrogen dioxide. There is also a safer alternative to this project that you can do with or without a lab.

Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) Essay - 1822 Words

As Autism Spectrum Disorder(ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by significant challenges in communication and social skills as well as behaviour, it leaves individuals who have been diagnosed having difficulty deciphering the social cues, and body language that is intrinsic to romantic and sexual relations. The frequency of reported ASD in children has increased dramatically over the last forty years across the globe, though experts are uncertain as to what exactly has caused the rate of diagnosis to increase so sharply. According to the most recent data provided by the American Center for Disease Control and Prevention the prevalence of diagnosis had risen to a rate of 1-in-68 children (Christensen, Baio, Braun et al. 2016). This leaves many of current and future generations with severe questions on the means of who they are and how they can pursue a romantic a sexual relationship, when they have difficulty differentiating between a friendly touch and flirt ing due to their limited theory of mind.The exact cause of Autism, be it genetic or environmental is still not completely determined, with much research particularly lately going into genetic and hormonal differentials between individuals with ASD and the general population, As with many instances of the question of nature versus nurture, most of scientists have come to a census on the middle ground; it’s both. in this literature review we will largely be ignoring environmental factors. Given theShow MoreRelatedAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1722 Words   |  7 Pagesin every sixty-eight births are diagnosed with the Autism spectrum disorder in other words (ASD), which is about one percent of the world’s population. And that more than three point five million people in America live with a person who has the Autism spectrum disorder. We all know that Autism is a spectrum disorder in which an abnormality is developed in the brain. It is a long life condition that has no cure for itself. People who have Autism face many difficulties in their communication and theirRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1441 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a hereditary neurodevelopmental disorder. Like many other psychological disorders, it is commonly misunderstood in popular culture. Many allude to it casually, often equating it with crippling social awkwardness and disability when it is in fact a spectrum disorder with many degrees of severity. It is somewhat of an enigma within the scientific community as well; there are many things we do not know about ASD and there is ongoing research to learn moreRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1569 Words   |  7 Pagesdiagnoses for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) occur has seen a dramatic growth in numbers. With diagnoses for ASD increasing, more siblings are also being found to have grown up with a sister or brother with autism spectrum disorder. Previous studies have shown no consensus on whether or not siblings of persons with ASD are at risk for negative effects. However, patterns of anxiety among these siblings are being examined to see if charac teristics of a child with autism spectrum disorder and their parentsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1535 Words   |  7 PagesHow Autism Influences the Interactions with Others There is a little boy that gets up every morning and goes to school. He goes home to his parents after school each day. He eats, sleeps, and plays just like any other child. There is one difference. He sees the world in a unique way than most other children not affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder. The boy’s life and actions are a bit different and can be challenging for him. He needs understanding parents, family members, and teachers. Autism SpectrumRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1444 Words   |  6 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder Dustin S. Staats University of Central Oklahoma â€Å"Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) formerly known as just Autism, is a disorder that affects about 1 in 68 children here in the United States.† (Facts about ASD) This is a pretty high prevalence and the number is continuing to rise. â€Å"Autism is a developmental disability that can cause significant impairments in behavioral, communication, and social aspects of everyday life.†(Facts about ASD). The intellectual functioning ofRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1369 Words   |  6 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Introduction I don t think people understand how unique children with Autism are or the demands of caring for a child with Autism is. In order to grasp the effect of this disability has on a child or their family it is important to understand the characteristics of a child living with Autism. So for you to understand I will be talking about Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or Autism in a childs life. I will be talking about what autism is, the history and descriptionRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1587 Words   |  7 Pages Topic: Autism Spectrum Disorder  (ASD) Purpose: My audience will learn the importance of recognizing early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder in children. Thesis: It is important to understand the early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder, and why early intervention is the best treatment. Introduction: Gain/maintain attention There is a television show I like to watch called â€Å"The Big Bang Theory, maybe some of you have seen it. This show focuses on the relationships between a group of friends, someRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) Essay1168 Words   |  5 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder, as defined by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders, refers to a group of complex neurodevelopment disorders characterized by repetitive and characteristic patterns of behavior and difficulties with social communication and interaction (ninds.nih.gov). Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a very complex developmental disorder and the term ‘spectrum’ was added to the original term simply known as ‘Autism’ due to the wide range of symptoms associated with the disorderRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1852 Words   |  8 PagesThe following paper is going to cover the topic of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Using research and data collected from various authors and journalists the paper will describe the different variations of autism and discuss the impact autism has on a person- in society, at home, in the classroom, and in their careers. Beginning at infancy, autism has a major impact on not just the child but their family’s life as well. The child’s lack of ability to interpret social cues, gestures, and expressionsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1801 Words   |  8 PagesAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by qualitative impairments in social interaction and communication, and restricted, repetitive behavior (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013), and is associated with impairments in executive functions. Autism Spectrum Disorder is also defined as a group of disorders that impair an individual’s ability to understand and engage in the give-and-take of social relationships. (Boyd, 2015) Autism is a well-known

Globalization And Its Effect On Poverty Essay Example For Students

Globalization And Its Effect On Poverty Essay Globalization and Its Effect on PovertyGlobalization has helped raise the standard of living for many people worldwide. It has also, however, driven many deeper into poverty. Small businesses and third world countries are not capable of updating their technology as often as their larger, wealthier counterparts. Unable to compete with multinational firms and wealthy nations, small businesses and third world countries and forced to do business locally, never growing and reaching their full potential. Technological advances are made daily throughout the world. However, it is expensive to rapidly make and transport these advances globally. This high production cost causes the consumer’s price to be unnecessarily high. Today, there are many countries in the world that cannot afford to pay such a high price for the latest technology, and by the time they can afford to pay, newer, more advanced technology exists. The democratization of technology benefits mainly the wealthier countries. 2Technological advances not only benefit wealthy countries, but also wealthier companies. Technological advancements allow countries and their companies worldwide publicity when they are successful. Because investors are able to easily invest on the Internet, on the telephone, and through facsimile machines, the profits of companies have increased greatly. Currency traders all over the world have also been able to update exchange rates and notify the public of the updates more rapidly. This has led to more desire to finalize deals because companies are able to be sure that they are receiving competitive exchange rates. Swissair, an airline based in Switzerland, even moved its entire accounting division from Switzerland to India simply because the accountants in India are among the best in the world. They were able to do this because all of the information from their new office halfway around the world was transmitted through the use of technologically advanced devices. Because labor is cheaper and the workers are more skilled in India, the company benefited in two ways. For the same reasons as in India, Thailand has moved from being primarily a rice-producing nation, to the world’s second largest producer of pickup 3trucks and fourth largest producer of motorcycles (In Class Handouts). As far back as the invention of the telephone, the countries with the best economies were the most technologically advanced. The invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 allowed information to be sent around the world considerably more rapidly than ever before. Before the invention of the telephone, it might have taken days, weeks, or even months to courier documents around the world. Today, however, Selectronic, a company in Delhi, India takes doctors dictation from a toll-free number in the United States, transcribes the recordings, and sends the text back to a U.S. HMO (In Class Handouts). With the invention of the telephone and its spread to the world’s wealthier countries also came increased growth in the wealthier countries’ economies. The global marketplace is based on a winner take all system. The wealthy, â€Å"winning† companies and countries are able to sell their goods and services to a global market, while the â€Å"losing†, poorer countries and businesses are limited to their local markets. Massive global markets also create huge incentives for businesses and nations to market products internationally. The National Basketball 4Association, for example, in 1998 sold more than five hundred million dollars in licensed merchandise worldwide. The NBA owes this huge source of income to advances in technology. Basketball organizations in other countries that cannot afford to market their organizations globally, however, are forced to sell licensed merchandise only in their countries, substantially lowering potential profits. In the past fifty years, global capitalism has raised the living standards of more people higher and faster than the previous five hundred years. Increasing the number of â€Å"haves† in the world has also dramatically increased the number of â€Å"have-nots†. It has also driven the poor further into poverty making it more and more unlikely that they will ever recover. Glo balization creates tensions, especially within nations and companies, between those who have the skills and resources to compete in the global market and those who do not. Disability Is Not Inability Sample EssayEffective countries and businesses are not merely the most technologically advanced. They are also the ones who are constantly seeking to upgrade and improve their existing technology. The world’s poorer countries cannot afford, however, to upgrade their technology as often. Nevertheless, countries and businesses must always work to increase the speed of transactions, investment, production, and government. They must also learn to operate their existing software and networks at full potential before it is updated so that the efficiency is maximized. Low productivity within a country or a company leads to a low standard of living and higher levels of poverty. Low productivity within a nation or a company also causes it to be less competitive in the global marketplace. If a 9company or a nation cannot afford to constantly update their goods and technologies, then they will not be able to compete globally. Foreign competitors set the standard for quality and production schedules of goods. Again, if a company is unable to update its factories, it will not be competitive and have more poverty. The democratization of finance has helped globalization flourish. The wealthy countries, however, are reaping the majority of the benefits. While there is more money available for companies to get started, the majority of the profits of the new companies are being invested in wealthy countries. Investments in the United States have gone from one hundred million to nearly three trillion dollars. While the economy of the United States has developed into one of the strongest, most stable in the world, many third world countries were forced deeper into poverty as a result. A contributing factor to the success of globalization has been the creation of alliances and economic integration. The countries that benefit the most from these alliances, however, are traditionally wealthier countries. Free trade, customs unions, common markets, and economic unions are essential to the spread of 10globalization; however, they impede the growth of third world countries not included in the group. Globalization, while essential to the success of the global marketplace, has a darker, less visible side. It benefits some third world countries, most wealthy countries, as well as large, well-known multinational companies. It, however, causes the economies of many countries and smaller companies to collapse. In an effort to promote competition worldwide, globalization has actually rendered it impossible for some companies that were successful locally to transfer their success to the global stage. It has also blocked investments and growth of some poorer, third world countr ies. Globalization decreases poverty in some countries while simultaneously increasing it in others. Business Reports

The Driving Way Essay Example For Students

The Driving Way Essay Selecting a career path is the easiest decision one can make; I have chosen five in the nine years since high school. The problem is selecting a path and following it to completion. When I returned to school for my most recent career path, I worked hard and did well for the first several months. Then, I started staying out late with a young lady, and the amount of time that I applied to school decreased by an order of magnitude. After several weeks with her, it was apparent that my grades were going to be bad. I told my father that I was not doing well in school, and that I was going to quit school to work full time again. He surprised me when he replied, Do you remember the first time that I let you drive?Although I vaguely remembered the event, I said, Of course I do. We will write a custom essay on The Driving Way specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Father then ask, Do you still drive as poorly as you did that day?Sensing one of the old mans long-winded speeches about to start, I harshly said, No, whats your point?After my abrasive reply, Father shook his head and started reading a book. Although I did not want to hear his speech, I could not keep from wondering what he wanted to say. I thought about the Saturday morning that my father let me drive for the first time. He drove me to a stretch of road so long and straight that you could see it converge in the horizon. He pulled over and told me to swap seats with him. Despite being nervous, I wasted no time getting behind the wheel. Timidly, I put the car in drive and pulled into the road. Father then said, All that you have to do is point it straight and keep it between the lines. With fathers advice about driving in mind, I carefully lined the car between the lines and headed down the road. I did well for the first several minutes. Then, my mind wandered, and I started paying less attention to the road. In a few seconds, I felt a thump and heard the car hit gravel. I overreacted and jerked the wheel; the car slid sideways, and suddenly we stopped. I was sure that my father was going to yell about my poor driving, but he quietly said, Son, let me clarify my advice to you. It is not only about starting in the right direction and then forgetting what you are doing. It is about always paying attention to where you are and where you want to be. It is about making subtle corrections; if a correction is to big, it will always send you out of control. After I pondered the old mans driving advice, I decided not to quit school. I stopped seeing the young lady, and dropped two classes—which left time for me to concentrate on my remaining classes. Because of the correction, I finished the semester on the deans list. Almost one year has passed since then, and I am still going down the same path; I pay attention and make minor corrections when corrections are needed. Acceptance Essays

Social Media Use in Internal Communication in Dubai Public Sector Companies

spousal violence essays

spousal violence essays Violence against family members is something women do at least as often as men. There are dozens of solid scientific studies that reveal in a startlingly different picture of family violence than what we usually see in the media. For instance, Murray Straus, a sociologist and co-director for the Family Research Laboratory at the University of New Hampshire gave some statistics that blew my mind away. He concluded saying that women were three times more likely than men to use weapons in spousal violence. He also said that women hit their male children more than they hit their female children and women commit 52 percent of spousal killings and are convicted of 41 percent of spousal murders. There are also some misleading statistics about family violence. One, men do not usually report their violent wives to police, because they have too much pride. Two is that children do not usually report their violent mothers to the police. A reason why we do not see many women get reported is because the media does not encourage men to report the crime. Women are the ones who are encouraged to report the spousal violence by countless media reminders. The media always portray the woman to be the victim and the male to be the perpetrator. Men and children may not report when a woman injures them, but the dead bodies of the men and children who are the victims of violent women are usually reported. There is much confusion about whom to believe in the debate about spousal violence. On one side we have the womens feminist groups whom rely on law enforcement statistics. On the other side we have social scientist who rely on scientifically structured studies, which do not get any media attention. Americas press is more concerned with the political correctness than scientific accuracy. That is why our society is so screwed up now, because of the media. It is important to note that there have been the same kind of studies d...

Religion in What Dreams May Come True Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Religion in What Dreams May Come True - Essay Example These religions based their teachings on psychoanalytical postulations of human beings urging followers that the answers to their questions were to be found in no other place other than within. The 1998 film starring Robin Williams called â€Å"What Dreams May Come† clearly brings into perspective some of the postulations that have been used by emerging religions and the reason for the sudden popularity of those religions among the masses. There are questions that even in this age of technological advancements human beings have not been able to answer particularly the ones that pertain to his essence as a being and whether the earthly existence is by chance, or it is a journey with a purpose and a particular destination. The paper looks at how the film â€Å"What Dreams May Come True† manages to bring about some key characteristics in the teachings of New Thought Religions. The Power of the Mind. The concept of the power of the mind is clearly found in the teachings of Ernest Homes who postulated that human beings had the power to control their destiny through the power of their minds. Holmes outlines that the first greatest discovery that human being ever made was that ‘He could think† (Holmes 24). Holmes goes on to outline that the power of the human mind is evident in how man has utilized the resources nature has provided for him to come up with great inventions. New Thought religions propose on the power of the mind and are perhaps the source of the concept of the power of positive thinking. In the film â€Å"What Dreams May Come† the producer manages to bring about the concept of the power of thought through the family of Dr. Christopher. After the death of his children and going through emotional distress, Dr. Chris is also involved in car accident and finds himself in heaven.

Anorexia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Anorexia - Research Paper Example exia is caused by a variety of different factors, including biology, sociological considerations and psychological adjustment patterns that are often driven by youth historical experiences in society and with family members. It is also known to be caused by media representation of what constitutes an ideal form for men and women which alters a person’s self-esteem levels and sense of self-worth in a social context. Such causes of the disease are known to be attributed to body dysmorphia, an unreasonable and rather perverse sense of the self as it pertains to body image as well as youth caregiver attachment problem (to name only two potential causes). Treatment options include cognitive behavioral therapy, clinical interventions, family therapy, support groups, pharmaceuticals, and even more radical psychotherapy methodologies. Hence, there are potential solutions that can reduce prevalence of this mental disorder with many of the aforementioned treatment options sustaining credible and sometimes substantial recovery and success rates. The goal of treatment, as indicated by research, is to change the distorted sense of self that is common with anorexia and improve cognition patterns to develop healthier eating and coping strategies. Anorexia Nervosa is a variety of eating disorder in which the individual radically curbs their food intake and maintains an unreasonable and rather groundless terror of weight gain. It is usually accomplished with a maladjusted viewpoint about their bodies. Anorexia is characterized by extreme weight loss. People who maintain this mental illness begin an extreme regulation of dietary consumption which leads to a variety of health problems. Anorexia is a common eating disorder that affects women and men, however its prevalence is most widespread in the female population. Those that have been diagnosed with anorexia often maintain an irrational obsession with maintaining a thin body figure and become preoccupied and often fanatical

Sustainable Resources Are the Only Way forward Essay

Sustainable Resources Are the Only Way forward - Essay Example The Island was a landmark of God's magnificence but due to large deforestation by local inhabitants and changes in climatic patterns causing rains to stop resulted in forests being wiped off from the island's face. The inhabitants thus had nothing to feed on and in the end, they started feeding on other humans. Thus man became an animal. The present deforestation in the Amazon is leading a path to a similar future because at the current rate it is predicted that in a couple of decades the forest will reduce by 40% in size. This will cause a dramatic shift in the carbon-absorbing pattern of the area and consequently, the temperatures there will rise to make it harder for the rest of the 60% of the remaining forest to survive (Wright & Nebel, 2007). The decline will, therefore, be at an exponential rate consequently resulting in the elimination of the Amazon from the face of the earth. The fact that government laws allow such developments to take place is most alarming. It is legally allowed to clear the forest by any means if the intention is to grow crops (soybeans in this case) and this results in the ownership of the land furthermore, cleared land is worth more and forested land so owners who wish to keep their property in good value, do not let the forest reclaim ‘their’ place naturally. This shows a sense of heightened selfishness in the local population of Brazil. Clearly, the concept of alternative resources is not a very popular practice and the locals are bent upon destroying the forest without being aware of the disastrous consequences just like the old tribes of Easter Island.

Defining And Measuring Poverty Sociology Essay

Defining And Measuring Poverty Sociology Essay In this essay I intend to define poverty, explain definitions and measurements of poverty absolute and relative. I will identify groups experiencing poverty, social exclusion and discrimination. I will then discuss the New Right and Social Democrat explanations for poverty, and assess their weakness and strengths. Poverty is about a lack of economic, social, physical, environmental, cultural and political resources that prevent people of all ages from fulfilling their potential. There is, however, not just a only single definition of poverty. The term can be split into two views that are, absolute poverty and relative poverty. Despite the introduction of housing and education acts and other legislation to improve standards of living, poverty is still a reality.   In society today there are still many who have little to sustain their everyday existence, and who survive well below the poverty line.   The arguments surrounding the definition of poverty centre on the two concepts of absolute poverty and relative poverty.   Absolute Poverty is the inability of a citizen to participate fully in the economic terms in the society in which he lives, also is experiencing lack of food, shelter clothing, healthcare care to survive. In many countries, absolute poverty is common people who face absolu te poverty have short life expectancy, poor nutrition and high levels of infant mortality. Continents like, Africa, Asia, and South American are more likely to experience this type of poverty, this may occur because of a complete lack of resources, or unequal distribution of wealth. Relative poverty is measured on poor standards of living relative to the rest of the society. The lack of access to many of the goods and services expected by the rest of the contemporary society. E.g. afford holidays this leads to social exclusion and damaging individuals and families in relative poverty. Relative poverty is used in Britain because in a rich country such this, there should be certain minimum standards below, that no one should be. The British society is becoming more richer ,norms changes and the levels of income and resources that are considerate to be adequate rises , for instance if poor citizens can keep up with the growth in average incomes, they will become more excluded from the opportunities that the rest of the society enjoy. If there is a large numbers of people who fall below the minimum standards, then they are excluded from ordinary patterns. The strength of this approach is that advocate a poverty line which moves in response to changing social expectations and living standards. Peter Townsend argued that income alone is not a satisfactory measure of poverty because households may have a variety of other resources at their disposal. Townsend work was criticised from those on the right, they argued that his research measure inequality rather than poverty, because they see inequality as inevitable, they that the concept of relative poverty in meaningless. Seebohm Rowntree devised a scale in 1901 to determine: the minimum necessities for the maintenance of merely physical efficiency .Rowntrees  measure from Stitt and Grant, 1993, explains the differences between two types of poverty.   Primary Poverty are families whose total incomes were insufficient to maintain physical efficiency and Secondary Poverty are families whose incomes would have been sufficient but for wasteful activity such as poor housekeeping, drunkenness and gambling.   Those who fell below this minimum level were said to be in poverty. This method of defining poverty is known as the budget standard approach, some of which are still in use today in defining poverty.  Ã‚   It is a measurement of absolute poverty, which is the most common way in which people visualise poverty.  Ã‚   In other words looking at what level of income is needed to provide a nutritionally adequate diet and other necessities of life.   This again can be and is debated. It is purely d own to personal perception and opinion upon the subject. This method provides a very clear definition, however it conceals the fact that the minimum level changes continually with time.   There are basically three current definitions of poverty in common usage: absolute poverty, relative poverty and social exclusion. Absolute poverty is defined as the lack of sufficient resources with which to keep body and soul together. Relative poverty defines income or resources in relation to the average. It is concerned with the absence of the material needs to participate fully in accepted daily life. Social exclusion is a new term used by the Government. The Prime Minister described social exclusion as a shorthand label for what can happen when individuals or areas suffer from a combination of linked problems such as unemployment, poor skills, low incomes, poor housing, high crime environments, bad health and family breakdown. The House of Commons Scottish Affairs Committee. However there are some critics say that absolute definitions of poverty have the merit of give fixed and universal definition which can be used for measuring and comparing poverty in all societies. They can also reveal changes in living standards in a society over time. Rowntree was been criticized by the fixed nature of absolute measurement. Some sociologists that support the relative definition of poverty argue that universal definitions not count since what count as poverty varies from time to time and place. They say that human needs cannot be objectively measured, based in measurement of human nutritional requirements in not possible. 2- physical needs are affected by age , sex, occupation and other social factors. 3- Necessities and essentials varies from time to time and place to place , human needs are culturally defined , reasonable standards of housing, diet, clothing in Britain are different from those in other societies and from Britain a hundreds years ago. In this ideol ogy poverty is relative, it is measured in relation to the standards of a society and place, it is not fixed because circumstances changes over time. The groups more likely to be in poverty are ethnic minorities, disabled, women , lone parents , older people, asylum seekers Ethnic minorities live in low income households, twice the rate for white people. Although they are variations by ethnic groups. Unemployment rates are higher among this group, black people are more likely to be in lows paid jobs. Also are disadvantaged by the way the social security system operates. These group is more concentrated in the inner London normally they are rehoused together in group causing mini ghettos, creating isolation, fear and violence and discrimination .Ethnic minorities such as asylum seekers are discriminated by society, and other groups from ethnic minorities through religion or culture. By the government policies, being refused citizenship, receiving lower payments than other families on benefits. Refugees could be considered by as a sub underclass, Murray. 1994:26. I totally agree with this citation because they live below the poverty line and the minimum standards that Britain says that no one should Governments accept responsibility for ensuring all citi zens receive a minimum income and have access to the highest possible provision in the fields of healthcare , housing education, and personal social services.( Deacon 2000,51) Lone parents also are discriminated specially lone women with children , in these group also can be included elderly women pensioners ,women are likely to experience pay inequalities , mens earning more, Blacks being labeled inferior compared to white men, women the weaker sex Hacker, 1972,51, to tackle this type of discrimination was introduced anti -discrimination acts , such as Race Relations Act (1976, 2000 amended), Sex Discrimination Act 1975 and Equal Pay Act 1970. The risk of poverty, inequality and social exclusion is not shared equally.   Some groups in society are more likely than others to find themselves in poverty. Children are at greater risk of poverty than adults in the UK and women are at greater risk than men.   To investigate poverty it is necessary to look at statistics compiled from various sources.   Whilst these statistics give some indication, it cannot completely show the poverty experienced by women and children. Despite compelling reasons, the importance of childhood poverty is not always recognised by policy makers.   They may need a policy that addresses the shorter-term situation whist policies aimed at longer-term changes are implemented. It is therefore not good enough to say that a policy will be beneficial in the long term.   Children who are growing up during that shorter-term period of lack of investment in primary health care or primary education, for example, will lose opportunities that they may not be able to regain later in life. Thus a generation may be facing to live in poverty. The New Right view about poverty is that the welfare state is responsible for causing poverty, Marsland (1996) argue that in a democratic, capitalist society wealth is created by those who are successful in business, and by others who innovate ,have entrepreneurial ideas and start new companies, people work for them , and generate income, they say entrepreneurs are motivated by money , and the government need to support them e.g. free market. They say that taxation should be low , by minimizing the size of government and by keeping expenditure low. Cutting on the provision of state benefits for those unemployed, in a indirect perspective the welfare state cause of poverty , is because discourages the efforts of entrepreneurs to start new companies which create jobs. Established companies pay higher taxes. In a direct point of view they blame the welfare state because they provide free health, financial support for those who dont want to work. People living in benefits increase the ta xes and there is a lost of productivity. They say that just some will be successful , inequality will always occur. The welfare state and the minimum wage protect exploitation from employers This approach was criticized because if they abolished the welfare state poverty was going to increase plus they saw poor people like lazy. Social Democrat view about poverty is that the welfare state is related to the 1940, Crosland (1956) argues that in any society, there will be groups in poverty , thought are not their fault some may be disabled, retired, unable to work because of childcare. Or crisis in the economy and not having enough jobs. For them the welfare state is responsible for these people and have to guarantee a decent standard of living then everyone in poverty is in need. By this the welfare state eliminates poverty with income provided by the state and paid out of general taxation. However the Third way criticized the saying that they kept the same welfare state like in 1940, and was failed to respond to the growth in single parenthood, and the change of women in society, single mothers remain in poverty trap, the state benefits they lost when they start to work, outweighed the income they received, then disempowered them to work. Plus the costs of welfare state increased higher expectations on health care, housing. However there will always exist poverty and inequality , the government will need to reform the welfare state , providing more professional courses given by the European Union , cut council tax, because I think that will make more people to going back to work. Instead of giving incentives for people to still waiting at home or in the bar waiting for the next payment.

Food reflection Essay

1. Have you ever kept a food journal before? If so, why? I have done a food once when I was in high school. It was my sophomore year in health class. My teacher wanted us to learn about what kind of food we eat. So she made us do it for one weekend. She wanted us to share what we ate and how everyone ate differently. Some people ate healthier and some did not. She made us look at how much we ate and what she should do to eat healthier. 2. Did this food record make you more aware of what you were eating? Did it make you change your eating habits? Why or why not? This food record does make me more aware of what I am eating. Like for that certain day I ate more than the weekdays. On weekdays I would not have time to eat as much as I did because the weekdays I am busy with schoolwork. That day I was with friends during lunch but during dinner I was alone. I don’t think it will make me change my habit on eating. For me, I like to eat different things each day. I do not like to eat the same thing everyday. I like to change things up so I wont get tired of eating the same thing. This is why I feel like I do not need to change my habit because I do change everyday. This also showed me to eat other things. Like it showed that my vegetable and whole grains are low. Which means that I need to eat more things that have them in it than other food. 3. Did your food/drink intake indicate anything about what was going on in your daily life? No I do not feel like it indicates anything about what is going on in my daily life. Like going to the gym to run or walking around the park with friends. Some days when I am lazy, I would sit around and eat food all day long while watching TV. Then other days I would be out with people working and doing activities. I think the only thing the food report shows is the amount of food that is intake but does not show the other activities I do. The food report does not show if I were working at a job. Whether I would be sitting or standing all day. 4. What surprised you about your intake, if anything? One thing that surprised me in the food I ate was the amount of calories that are in some food. I never realized how much could be in one cup or a couple ounces. Usually I do look at the box where it has the calories and the food in it. While looking back at it, it seems as if the calories was not that important, the important thing is to look at the type of food that is in it. Like if there is any grains or meat or vegetable. I looked at the food report and it showed that my vegetables intakes are low. I thought I was fine with the vegetable but I guess I am not. 5. Was your eating pattern for this day usual? Why or why not? This was normal for my weekends. Like I know I can relax and eat as much as I want over the weekend than on the weekdays. On weekdays I am in class and out of class from 8AM to 2PM. If I were not in class I would be at work. So I do not have as much time to eat whatever I want or as much as I want. On a usually weekday, I would get a snack for the morning and then eat at 2 after all my classes are finished. On weekends I would typically eat more. Having a small meal in the morning and two big meals for lunch and dinner. 6. What changes will you make, if any, to your eating patterns after this assignment? Some changes as I said in some of the other questions are to eat more whole grains, eat more vegetables, and take in less refined grains and meat. I need to cut back on some meat because I know if I eat too much I will start to gain weight. While cutting back some of the food, I also need to start to go to the gym more often.

Secured and Unsecured Credit

Credit refers to activities involving the exchange of money, goods or services with a promise to pay in the future. In effect, credit means enjoying something today and paying for it tomorrow. For credit transactions to take place, two parties should be involved: the creditor (the entity or the person who is offering the money, goods, or services on credit), and the debtor (the entity or the person who is availing of the credit accommodation). (Mallor, Barnes, Bowers & Langvardt, 2007) There are two kinds of credit: the unsecured credit and the secured credit. In an unsecured credit, the creditor turns over his or her money, goods, or services to the debtor with only the latter’s promise to pay as a guarantee of collection, relying heavily on the dignity and the capacity to pay of the debtor based on factors like salary and other monies due him/her. Examples of unsecured credit devices are credit cards and the bills for utilities like water, power, and telephone. (Mallor et al., 2007) Unsecured credit presents a higher risk to creditors because of the absence of security or collateral. For this reason, creditors are resorting to thorough checks of the debtor’s credit background to ascertain if he/she is a good credit risk before providing an unsecured credit – meaning that the creditor would want to establish whether the debtor has no past record of defaulting on his/her debts. In addition, the creditor charges a higher interest rate on an unsecured credit.   (Baker, 2005) In a secured credit, the creditor asks the debtor to put up a property like a house or a car to serve as security for the credit transaction. In case of default, or the debtor fails to pay his/her debt, the creditor â€Å"can go against the security.† If the security, for instance, is the debtor’s house, the creditor has the legal right to demand that the house be sold so that he/she can collect what is due him/her. Because the credit is secured, the creditor has a lesser risk. The interest rate on a secured credit is, therefore, comparatively lower than that charged for an unsecured credit. (Mallor et al., 2007) In both cases, the law protects the rights of creditors. In case a debtor fails to meet his/her obligation on a secured credit, the creditor has a right to have the security or collateral sold so that the amount owed can be collected. In an unsecured loan, the creditor can file a suit of garnishment so that he/she could collect the debtor’s salary or whatever money he/she receives from other sources. (Mallor et al., 2007) As it stands, the law governing secured and unsecured credit appears sufficient to safeguard the rights of creditors. It does not need any amendment at the moment. References Baker, A. (2005). Secured Loans vs. Unsecured Loans – Choosing Between the Two Diverse Ends. Retrieved October 22, 2007 from http://ezinearticles.com/?Secured-Loans-vs.-Unsecured-Loans—Choosing-Between-the-Two-Diverse-Ends&id=49173 Mallor, Barnes, Bowers & Langvardt. (2007). Business Law: The Ethical, Global, and E-Commerce Environment, 13th Edition. The McGraw-Hill Companies.   

Development of Psychology essays

Development of Psychology essays John Wilson Psychology Essay (Development of psychology) In the following essay I will explain the development of major schools in terms of distinguishing features and historical context. Scientific study is a valid way of coming to an understanding of life, and can be very useful in every area of life. Science develops theories based on what is observed. It examines each theory with rigorous and scrupulous tests to see if it describes reality. The scientific method works well in observing and recording physical data and in reaching conclusions which either confirm or nullify a theory. During the mid-19th century, scholars (although at that time probably termed philosophers) wanted to study human nature with the aim of applying the scientific method to observe, record, and treat human behaviour that was deemed as unnatural. They believed that if people could be studied in a scientific manner, there would be a greater accuracy in understanding present behaviour, in predicting future behaviour, and, most controversially, in altering behaviour through scientific intervention. There are many areas of psychology, each attempting to explain behaviour from slightly different perspectives; Social psychology is concerned with the effects of social situations on human behaviour. Personality theorists study individual behaviour. Comparative psychologists study animal behaviours across the range of species Physiological psychologists are concerned with the biological basis of behaviour. Cognitive psychologists investigate memory, thought, problem solving, and the psycholo gical aspects of learning. Analysis of behaviour studies the conditions under which a behaviour can be learned and the situations that cause that behaviour to occur. Learning is an area of psychology exploring how new behaviours are learned and maintained. Clinical psychologists study ways to help individuals and groups of individuals change their behaviour. ...

Great tips on deductive essay writing

Great tips on deductive essay writing Deductive essay It is known that possessing remarkable critical thinking skills is rather useful. As to students, they have a marvelous opportunity to apply them when producing a deductive essay. The process of deductive reasoning has a lot in common with doing jigsaw puzzles. If you want to write a paper properly, you should ask your professor about the way of presenting arguments. Note that there are two types of arguments: propositional and categorical. When the instructions are specified, you may begin producing your work. By the way, there is no need to divide your piece of writing into sections. The thing is that it may cause some problems with providing information logically. Learn the Peculiarities of Deductive Essay Writing What Is a Deductive Essay? A deductive essay is a form of an academic essay, in which the writer should present logical reasoning in a form of a deductive argument. The professors assign this task to check the student`s ability to think logically and be able to present the sound and reasonable arguments to support some position. The key principle of writing such an essay implies the student`s ability to build a logical conclusion having ample information regarding some issue or subject. Most people often use the deductive skills in everyday life. As such, to understand the essence of the problem, they need to gather a lot of arguments and evidence. Indeed, almost all daily decisions are made with the help of a deductive approach. In other words, every person is able to make a logical conclusion considering the information he/she possess. A deductive writing style has a few peculiarities. As such, it requires an in-depth research about the topic and cannot be based on mere writer`s observations, especially if he/she is not an expert in this particular area. Moreover, to write a good deductive essay, you need to choose one of the most effective deductive essay topics. If you experience some difficulties with choosing the topic, feel free to address your professor and he or she will gladly assist. To summarize, writing a deductive essay is impossible without the clear thinking and analytical skills. If you state something, do not forget to support it with the reasonable evidence and remember that as long as you can prove your argument, it sounds good. Tips Which Help you Write an Exclusive Paper Select a Subject There is a huge variety of deductive essay topics. Thus, you need to choose the most suitable for your paper. The next essential step is to formulate a key statement. Otherwise, you will not be able to write a unique work. Remember that it is a fundamental element of your piece of writing. It sometimes happens that students single out a few central points. However, it is very hard to join everything together and provide incontrovertible facts to support ideas. Sometimes professors give students topics which they have to cover. Furthermore, even the main idea of your work may be formulated. In this case, writing a reasoning essay becomes more difficult. You have to make sure that there is enough material on exploring the subject. By the way, if you have stuck and do not understand how to move on, you may browse the Internet to get fresh ideas. You should not worry about plagiarism. When using sources, you collect information about the topic. However, you should complete an assignment on your own presenting your personal opinion about the issue. Thus, you will not be accused of plagiarism. By the way, you can always order an authentic deductive essay online. Present Facts In this section, you need to provide readers with powerful arguments concerning the examined matter. Therefore, you should explain research results clearly. If you produce this part of paper in the right way, you will not face problems with writing a good conclusion. If you do not want to miss any points, which should be covered, you need to write a comprehensive essay outline. In order to make your work valid, you should also present vivid deductive examples, statistical data, and concrete facts. Thus, your professor will understand that you deserve the highest grade. For this reason, you should not leave your paper till the last minute. If you have enough time, you will complete this assignment successfully. Make Conclusion Your research may lead to writing a few clear summaries. The main conclusion should restate the thesis and summarize your paper. Remember that it is important to explore the subject in detail. Only then, you will be able to arrive at reasonable conclusion. Now, you know how to answer the question â€Å"How do you write an essay of this type?† Each paragraph of your paper should analyze one point. If you follow this rule, you will structure your work properly. Surely, writing an essay of this kind is not easy. However, if you take the above-mentioned steps into account, you will succeed. Reasons to choose our deductive essay writing writing service We are the best organization in providing writing papers, research papers, essays, dissertations or term papers at cheap prices which you all can afford. We have been doing this business for years now and no organization has this much of experience compared to us. Our writers are professionals who know most of the topics inside out and write some of the finest piece of writings that you can get. It will definitely meet every of your requirement. Suppose you like doing mathematics and not writing essays. So what happen when English teacher comes and tells you to write an essay and your grades will be determined by those essays? You dont want your grades to suffer just because you don’t like writing essays and other writings, do you? You shouldnt be forced to write essays otherwise it will be like forcing a crime on an innocent. Writing can be a hectic task for the students who are not just that into it or writing anything for that matter. But fortunately you have got the option of buying essays online from us. You can buy essays from an organization which particularly provides professional writing material or you can get it from a second grade organization and completely waste your precious money. People like us are here to help you in writing any piece of material of any level. We truly put people out of their miseries when it comes to providing written materials. Dont hesitate on buying essays from us and your grades will never be a problem.

Pollution Caused By War Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pollution Caused By War - Research Proposal Example Radioactivity, toxic chemicals, unexploded devices, and unsanitary health conditions will continue to scar the war zone for decades into the future. The human cost of this pollution is enormous and little is being done to hold the warring parties responsible for repairing the damage left behind. Landmines litter the playgrounds, toxins invade the food chain, and a plethora of health problems arise to further burden civilian population in the previously occupied lands. Recent decades have seen an explosion in wartime pollution and little has been accomplished to gain international agreement on the treatment and cleanup of affected areas. Wars have always left behind some form of pollution, usually in the form of unexploded ordinance that littered the landscape. During the US Civil War smoke was a major pollutant, but its effects were temporary as the smoke would clear and nature would reclaim the landscape scarred with craters. However, Vietnam would change that as "It is generally accepted that the extensive use of environmental destruction as a strategic practice in war dates from the use of defoliants during the war in Southeast Asia" (McCally 278). The forests in Vietnam were cleared with a chemical agent known as Agent Orange, a deadly herbicide that denied the enemy of food and cover. The amounts left behind in the soil and food chain had the greatest effects on the civilian population, which had little protection from the Geneva Convention or similar international agreements. Modern warfare had taken a leap and could no longer control the devastating effects of the pollution left behind. Another devastating pollutant has recently come in the form of depleted uranium (DU), a highly dense metal used for armament and armor plating in military applications. DU illegally litters the battlefields in Kosovo and Iraq and is spread throughout the environment after a contamination event. "Over the days and years following such an event, the contamination normally becomes dispersed into the wider natural environment by wind and rain. People living or working in affected areas may inhale contaminated dusts or consume contaminated food and drinking water" (Depleted Uranium). The effects of exposure to DU can range from kidney problems to lung cancer, and the World Health Organization warns that, "Small children could receive greater exposure to DU when playing in or near DU impact sites. Their typical hand-to-mouth activity could lead to high DU ingestion from contaminated soil" (Depleted Uranium). The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has been active in attempting to c lean up DU contaminated sites, but Henk van der Keur of the Laka Foundation1 contends that the use of DU is in direct violation of international law (A Day to Prevent Environmental). Cleaning up the damage may come to late for many that have already been exposed, and international groups are calling for an outright ban on DU. While the effects of Agent Orange and DU may linger unnoticed as an odorless and colorless poison, the effects of oil pollution in the Mideast have been more profound. The widespread fires from the ignited oil wells after the Kuwait War could be seen for miles, and "Iraq's release of about 10 million barrels of Kuwaiti oil into Gulf waters caused great stress to an ecosystem already suffering from decades of abuse" (McCally 278). At the time, there was little international

Money, Banking & Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Fisher Theory of Nominal Interest Rates and Inflation Rate - Essay Example According to the economist, interest is ‘an index of a community’s preference for a dollar of a present (income) over a dollar of future income’ (Library of Economics and Liberty, 2008). The label that he has put to his theory of interest rate is ‘the impatience and opportunity’. Fisher has postulated in this theory that interest rate results from an interface between two forces: the time preference that people have for capital at present and the principle of investment opportunity (Library of Economics and Liberty, 2008). Irving Fisher’s theory of interest establishes a link of nominal interest rate (i) to the rate of inflation (П) and the real rate of interest (r). The rate which is derived after making an adjustment for the inflation is the real interest rate. This is the interest rate which the lenders should consider for lending their funds. The relationship that has been presented by Fisher between these three interest rates is: Thus, the above relationship states that if the rate of inflation increases by 1 percent, then the nominal interest rate increases by more than 1 percent. This means that there is a positive relationship between the rate of inflation and nominal interest rate (University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2010). In the next step of the analysis, the effect of taxes on the real rate of return will be taken into account. Let a country be considered with currency C. Then let it be the nominal risk-free rate of interest, rc be the real interest rate and Пc be the expected rate of inflation. Let to be the rate of tax on the interest income and r*c be the after-tax real rate of return. The after-tax rate of return is ic (1-to). Then, From the above expression, it can be explained that with the increase in the rate of inflation, the nominal interest rate also increases by a few proportion of the increase in inflation rate (Mulligan, 2002).  Ã‚  

Corperate strategy of TCL Multimedia Assignment

Corperate strategy of TCL Multimedia - Assignment Example This company was founded in 1982. It started its business as an audiotape manufacturing company. Its co- founders, Li Dongsheng gradually moved this company forward in the business of consumer electronics product. TCL got good reputation by the production of handsets for fixed-line telephones. This product established a trust in consumers. In the next decade TCL started producing audio equipment made in a joint venture. TCL also invested in the research and development (R&D) and focused on new product development and efficient production. TCL also developed a distribution and marketing network across China. The management was quite progressive and they were not satisfied with the performance of the state owned distributors and private marketing organizations. The dynamic and rapidly growing Chinese economy greatly owe its rapid growth to the Chinese companies. These companies not only come in contact with foreigners as a source of technology or assets, but also as a market for there own products. They are quite ambitious also, many companies aim to build global brands. The leading Chinese electrical appliance company Haier has 13 sites overseas, including factories. TCL is considered China's second biggest television maker has also invested in television manufacture outside China. Various model and methods have been evolved by scholars of management and corporate field for analyzing the external and internal environment of the company. It seems quite appropriate to use the PEST and SWOT models for analyzing TCL external and internal environment. 2.1 PEST Analysis PEST Analysis is used for analyzing macro environment of company. Four factors Political , Economic , Social , Technological is considered during this type of analysis. Assessment of the impact of all these factors plays an important role in evaluating the environment of a company. Political Factors World is virtually being ruled by multi-nationals. These multi-nationals are powerful enough to influence the decision making process of world's leading powers directly or indirectly. These multi-nationals are getting bigger and bigger by mergers and acquisitions. In such scenario Chinese companies are also playing very effective role. They are very successfully competing with European companies and US. In past it Chinese economy was considered closed and state owned economy. But now it is gradually opening and private companies are playing their role in the changed political atmosphere. TCL is one of such companies that is expanding and has been successful in getting good market share in TV market. Economic Factors TCL 's results of 2004-2005 show that its position in the market is continuously improving. TCL is a leading consumer electronics manufacturer within China. The company has begun to enter in international television markets by using majority-owned joint ventures techniques.

History Of Oslo Essay Example for Free

History Of Oslo Essay Oslo is Norway’s capital city. Oslo came from the Old Norse word â€Å"†¦os meaning mountain and lo meaning plain or river â€Å". In other words, Oslo can be described as a place beneath the mountains (â€Å"Oslo† 2006). People of German origin may have settled in the settlements along the Oslo Fjord who moved up to the north from mainland Europe (Zelko 63). The first evident settlement in Oslo was in the 8th century. (â€Å"Oslo† 2006). The first people of who inhabited Oslo lived in â€Å"humble wooden houses with turf roofs† that was surrounded with pens or sheds for goats, sheep and cows (â€Å"Oslo: City† 2006). Like all the other settlers of Norway, the people were grouped together in the form of a tribe and those who were landowners met with his other landed neighbors in a public assembly called Thing. Legislative assemblies were called Lagtings (Zelko 63). During the Viking age, AD800-1000 Oslo settlers grew rapidly as it had become the center for trade and shipbuilding activities and later it earned the name the† Viking Capital† (â€Å"Oslo† 2006). Viking means â€Å"a man from â€Å"Vik†, a huge bay between the Cape Lindesnes in Norway and the mouth of Gota River in Sweden (Britannica 1033). Norwegian Vikings, like other Vikings of Denmark and Sweden, were feared all over Europe as they had â€Å"superior ships and weapons as well developed military organization†. They were basically endowed with extraordinary hunger for adventure (Britannica 1034). Norwegian Vikings were known to be ruthless and brave fighters who killed their victims and greedily loots their conquered settlements and when they were done plundering destroyed the place with fire. They changed the face of Europe as they engaged in raiding and trade and then finally attracted by their conquered lands settled to live there. Their target places were mostly western European countries such as England, Scotland, and Iceland. Their active participation in trading had renewed the neglected European commerce of the middle Ages. Their contact with Western Europe was instrumental for their Christianization and eventually unification of Norway (Britannica 1033). In 885 the first Viking Monarch, Harold the Fair-haired united Norway (Halsey 239). During his reign the settlers of Norway, including Oslo, were commonly engaged in blood feuds, fightings that involve almost, if not all, disagreeing families. Even minor disputes can trigger the killing and maiming of both members of the quarreling families and if not settled can start an endless round of retaliation. The violence can be finally stopped when offending families pay the wronged families which they called â€Å"bot†. Sometimes family feuds were brought to the attention of the Lagtings who will decide the outcome of the disputes and impose penalties. The worst penalty they can give at that time was known as outlawry—a sentence that regarded the offender as if he died already. All his goods were taken away from him and he cannot exercise or claim any legal rights. In fact, anyone can kill him without facing the risk of penalty. These condemned people were left with no choice but to leave their homeland or live in the forest as an outlaw (Tseng 24). In 1050 Harald Hardrade or King Harald III officially founded Oslo and made it the center of southern Norway. This site was located at the eastern side of the harbor on the left bank of the small Akers River (Halsey 239). Harald died in 1066 and his death ended the Viking period as raidings stopped (â€Å"Norway† 2007). Oslo experienced a great era during the reign of Haakon V who was crowned in 1299. He decided to build the Akershus fortress in Olso to serve as his home with his wife Euphemia of Rugens, a Northern German princess (â€Å"Oslo† 2006). He made Oslo the capital of Norway replacing Bergen. This time Oslo and the rest of Norway enjoyed relative peace (â€Å"Norway† 2007). In 1318 Norway was united with the kingdom of Sweden when Duke Erik of Sweden married Princess Ingebjorg, daughter of Queen Euphemia and Hakon V Magnusson. The unification of both countries was officially signed in the Bishops castle; now presently know as Oslo Ladergard (â€Å"Oslo: City† 2006). The saddest event that occurred in the early history of Oslo was the Black Death that terrorized the world in 1349. It was estimated that half of Oslo’s population died during the time of the Black Death or â€Å"bubonic† plague. Bubonic plague was carried by fleas in rats from England (â€Å"Oslo† 2006). Because of the loss of its inhabitants and damage to agriculture Norway united together with Denmark and Sweden via the Union of Kalmar 1397(â€Å"Norway† 2007). During this time Copenhagen, instead of Oslo, was selected as the actual capital of Norway. Consequently Oslo lost it political importance and was only regarded as a provincial administrative center while the kings lived in Copenhagen and Stockholm from 1400-1500 (â€Å"Oslo: City† 2006). In 1523, however, Sweden dropped out of the union, and weaker Norway was left in the care of Danish Kings(â€Å"Norway† 2007). Part 2 Modern Era Reformation Period Like the rest of mainland Europe, Oslo was greatly affected by the Lutheran Protestant Reformation of 1537 when the German Monk Martin Luther questioned the laws of Roman Catholic Church and sought to reform the religious beliefs of the Europeans. Oslo citizens were engaged in religious conflicts(Thodock 2003). The catholic bishop of Oslo, Hans Rev was converted to Protestantism despite the reluctance of the citizens( â€Å"Oslo:City† 2006). Since Oslo had slightly lost its political and economic importance as a city at this time as it was being ruled by Denmark most of the buildings constructed there was only made of wood so that the city was easily destroyed by fire in 1624. King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway decided to move the town to the right bank of the Akers River and rebuild it near the Akershus Fortress. The city buildings were constructed in a Renaissance city style with rectangular blocks and renamed it Christiania (Halsey). Scientific Revolution The scientific revolution changed the world’s beliefs entirely, and Norway is in the heart of it Religious beliefs were proven to be wrong and questions were answered. Copernicus first with his opinion on the heliocentric theory, Galileo second with proof of Copernicus theory, and Newton third with the laws of gravity to explain how and why the planets revolved around the sun. Enlightenment During the 1700’s the Age of Reason or the Enlightenment flourished in Europe particularly to the Norwegian trading partners of Great Britain and Holland. In these places people were trying to improve their lives with the use of reason instead of following traditional religious or accepted beliefs. Contact with the â€Å"enlightened† British and Dutch affected the daily life of the inhabitants of Christiania. Norwegian traders brought home with them not only the prized cargoes of tobacco, coffee, tea and spices but also enlightened ideas. They constructed luxurious houses with magnificent gardens in accordance with the style western Europe (â€Å"Oslo: City† 2006). Napoleonic wars At first, Denmark and Norway attempted to remain neutral in the Napoleonic wars between France and England and their respective allies in 1805. However, England attacked the entire Danish fleet in 1807 as a result Denmark joined with France against Britain (Britannica 1034). Britain cut-off trading with Norway and set up a continental blockade against Denmark and Norway wherein British navy prevented the goods from both Norway and Denmark in reaching its trading partners . This action greatly affected the economy of Norway. The export of fish and timber from Christiania as well as the import of grain from Denmark were blocked. As a result, citizens of Christiania faced an economic crisis and suffered hunger. To end their trouble, Britain loosened up its blockade against Norway in 1810-13(â€Å"Oslo† 1991). In 1814 the king of Denmark was forced to give up Norway to Sweden in a Treaty of Kiel when Napoleon I was defeated (â€Å"Oslo† 2006). Eager to rebuild their government the Norwegian created its first constitution on May 17 the same year and Christiania became the capital city. In time, Christiania replaced its rival Bergen as Norway’s largest city. The people celebrated with joy as Christiania was expected to reclaim its old glory without giving much thought at first that they were still under the control of a foreigner, Sweden. As a capital city, Christiania once again becomes important politically and economically. For its newly acquired role, new monumental buildings were erected as a venue for important functions. . They were the Royal Palace, Bank of Norway and the stock exchange Oslo Bors. Later, most Christiania citizens joined with the rest of Norway in demanding for a complete control of their own affairs. They did not want to recognize the provisions of the Treaty of Kiel and instead preferred a Danish King to rule them. Because of the political unrest , Sweden was forced to make the Act of Union of 1815,that gave Norway the privilege of having its own army, navy and parliament(Storting) and was permitted to control their own internal affairs in exchange for their strict compliance to the Treaty of Kiel(â€Å"Oslo† 2006). Renaissance Period Because of their internal independence, Christiania’ economic and political power rose. By mid 1800’s, Christiania grew into a major administrative, economic and military center. The economic success brought about by the shipping and agricultural industry made Christiania a dominant economic city of Norway (World Book 1981). The site of rapid industrial revolution in Oslo started at the Aker River around 1840. The development of Industries relied in the electricity provided by this River. Old buildings along the River were demolished and replaced with concrete large textile industrial buildings . Because of the increased jobs offered by industries the population of Christiania increased as peasants and rural populace moved to the cities hoping find work. In the beginning of the Industrial Revolution Christiania’s industrial workers, like most of European industrial cities, lived in poverty since income was low. They mostly lived in crowded houses meant for workers in which sanitation was bad. As a result, sickness was common and spread easily. To augment family income, the children aged below ten were forced to work in the industries, an environment that was not conducive for their well-balanced growth. In fact, industries were noisy and dusty. They caused water and air pollution. Because of this, the health of the children suffered and their resistance to sickness decreased as they lacked the time to play and sleep. In fact, schoolwork was unavoidably neglected (â€Å"Off â€Å"2007). Revolutions of 1848 The political revolutions in Europe in 1848 had increased the desire of Norway to demand for independence from Sweden. In the late 1800’s popular Norwegian playwrights Henrik Ibsen and Bjornstjerne Bjorjornson staged a play in Christiania’s theater with a theme about political hypocrisy, rights of women and social problems. These plays helped Norwegians develop a sense of nationalism. In 1901 the city of Christiania was selected by the notable Swedish inventor, Alfred Nobel to be the site for the awarding of the most prestigious Noble Peace Prize (Lundestad 2001). By 1905 Sweden granted independence to Norway and Christiania at last was freed from foreign interference that began 1300’s (Halsey 240). Industrial Revolution World War One was inevitable due to industrialization and the desire each country had to become supreme. Firstly, relationships between the nations of the world were dramatically altered by the Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth century. Tensions between the industrial powers began to rise. The intensity between the industrial powers grew more and more as each country sought to expand its sphere of influence at the expense of others. Secondly, there was a growing desire by ethnic populations within the larger countries to become independent nations. Norway separated from Sweden and revolts occurred in colonies such as China, Zimbabwe, Namibia, and Ireland. War broke out in the Balkans in 1912 and again in 1913, as Bulgaria, Serbia, Macedonia, and Greece fought first the Ottoman Empire and then Austria-Hungary. Lastly, Colonies around the world were a valuable asset for supporting the host countrys economy. The great European powers needed raw materials and outlets for their goods. They wanted to expand into new colonies while still protecting the ones they already had. World War I The economy of Christiania steadily grew until before World War I. When the First World War broke out in 1914 Norway declared its neutrality. However, Christiania benefited economically from the war by carrying British cargoes inspite the loss of Norwegian lives and ships that were caught in the war (Compton 610). After the war Christiania settled back to its normal life. In 1924, Christiania was renamed back to Oslo (â€Å"Oslo: City† 2006). World War II. On April 9, 1940 Oslo was defeated by the Germans almost with only a slight resistance due the betrayal of Norwegian Officer and Fascist politician Vidkun Quisling who collaborated with the Nazis. As a result, the city was only slightly damaged during the war (Halsey 239). In 1942 Germany installed a puppet government in Norway under National Union leader Vidkun Quisling. However, the Norwegians resisted the Germans and its puppet regime. Oslo became a place of opposition strikes. Other citizens were secretly involved in the large-scale industrial sabotage and espionage on behalf of the allied powers. (â€Å"Oslo† 2006). During their occupation of the city the Nazis used Akershus as a prison and place of execution for those convicted of allied conspiracy and today its the site of Norways Resistance Museum, which provided a detailed account of German takeover and the Norwegian struggle against it (Thodock 2003). The German forces that overrun Norway surrendered in May 8, 1945 enabling the exiled King Hakon VII to return to Norway from London in June. Oslo then began to rebuild its ruin buildings while at the same time prosecuted â€Å"about 90,000 alleged cases of treason and defection†. Convicted traitors faced execution foremost of which was Vidkun Quisling (â€Å"Oslo† 2006). War had been going on for a very long time when it came to The Cold War, the postwar to World War II. After World War II, as the Cold War began two major alliances were created. Although, in World War I a systems of alliances did not work, the systems of alliances that formed after World War II were bigger and they werent buddy-buddy alliances. These two alliances were formed to bring peace throughout the world, to end The Cold War, and to prevent anymore future high scale wars. Toward the end of the war, hostility between Norwegians and the German occupying forces grew considerably stronger. A prime cause was the German withdrawal from all fronts. Retreating German units from the fronts in the north, the USSR and Finland, withdrew to Norwegian territory. In the autumn of 1944, the Red Army followed the Germans into Finnmark, where it liberated Kirkenes and the northeastern areas. As the occupying troops retreated, they ordered an evacuation of the entire Norwegian population in Finnmark and in Troms south to Lyngen. In Lyngen, three German army corps dug in. Then the entire region north of Lyngen was burned and destroyed. The destruction included 10,400 homes, bridges, power stations, factories, fishing vessels, telephone facilities and other types of infrastructure. The scorched earth area was much larger than all of Denmark. After the Soviet Red Army crossed into North Norway, a Norwegian military mission and a small number of Norwegian soldiers from Great Britain and Sweden followed. The Russians withdrew from Norway in September 1945, a few months after the German capitulation.

Marxist Thoughts and Its Application to Society Essay example -- Socio

Marxist thought and its application to society has shone much light on Man’s understanding of the role of religion within his society. The roots of Marxism finds its birth from the writings of Karl Marx (1818-83) and Fredrick Engels (1820-95). The publication and writings of Marx and Engels are â€Å"highly influential both on the political and theoretical understanding of society and the role of religion within society† (Kunin, 2003: 3). It is important to first underline (briefly and simply) Marx’s main theories which he used to critique religion as a product of Man. Marx (ultimately) did not see religion as central to Man’s oppression, but as a symptom of a cause which was much more detrimental, creating and feeding his alienation instead of advancing his journey to true happiness because of illusory factors that Man himself created; To abolish religion as the illusory happiness of the people is to demand their real happiness. The demand to give up illusions about the existing state of affairs is the demand to give up a state of affairs that needs illusions (MECW, 1975 (3): 175). The relationships between Man’s society and the institutions within it (such as religion, science and law) are described and perpetuated in Marx’s ‘Structure (or infrastructure) and Superstructure’ model. Marx places responsibility for the continued oppression of Mankind on the structure that underlies modern Capitalist societies namely, economy. All other elements of Man’s society to include institutions mentioned above are born out of, and made up by, the economic structure of society. Marx’s contribution to the study of religion highlights the negative aspects and means of Man’s self creation of religion, as an illusionary oppression, â€Å"the abolition of... ...otal happiness. Marx gave us a way of expressing more than just a negative attack on religion by trying to show humanity that taking control of your means of existence and moving away from the illusory word Man creates in order to cope with all the negative aspects modern capitalist societies place on the Proletarian Man. Marx’s connection of religion to economy is integral to the importance of his rhetoric, religion is not the cause but a symptom, which in turn reflects the oppressive state of the society. Marx’s distinctions on class and how the powerful (or Capitalist) can dictate the society through institutional mediums such as religion is also very important to how (after Marxism) the debate of Religion can be approached. How important he was to the debate of religion is exemplified in the amount theorising, criticism and sheer renown Marx still holds today.

How Did the Australian Government Respond to the Threat of Communism After WWII?

Australia faced the threat of communism after WWII ended in 1945. The threat was known as the Red Menace which was caused by all the conflicts in Asia and also things that were going on in Australia at the time. The Australian government responded to the Red Menace in many ways. They took military action, made alliances, gave economoc aid and tried banning the Communist Party in Australia. Communism is a social organisation where everyone in the country/community all have common property and money is shared equally. Australia didn't see communism as a threat until China was taken into control and turned into a communist country. Australia then began to fear that it would only be a matter of time ‘before the reds were on our doorsteps. ‘ Australia responded to the threat of communism in Asia by joining the Korean War in 1950. We joined it because we had a belief that it would be better to fight communism overseas rather than wait for it to reach Australia and fight it here. The Korean War was a part of our government's ‘Forward Defense Policy'. Military action was sent to Korea to help our allies to fight communism overseas. Another response to communism in Asia was the ANZUS Treaty which was one of the most important steps that Australia took to protect Australia from the threat of communism. The treaty was an agreement signed by Australia, New Zealand and the United States; it meant that each of the three nations involved would be obliged to help the other if one was attacked. It was an agreement of aid in common defense. The reason why it was signed by Australia was because we believed that a strong ally was needed to keep Australia safe from communism. There was also another agreement that Australia got involved with called the SEATO alliance. The SEATO alliance was signed by Britain, Thailand, Pakistan, the Phillipines, France, New Zealand, Australia and the United States, in 1954. The alliance was started by the United States becasue of the increasing communist activity in South-east Asia from 1945. The Korean War had just ended and communist activity was spreading to France and communist guerillas were currently active in Malaya. This made the United States feel vulnerable, so they proposed an alliance with the East- Asian countries to fight ‘communist aggression'. Australia was very happy to sign this alliance because it confirmes to the Unites States that we had their back and it supported our ‘Forward Defense Policy'. Australia later joined the Vietnam war to support their role of an ally and to maintain a close tie with the United States. In 1962, Prime Minister Robert Menzies began sending 30 Australian military instructors to South Vietnam where Vietcong were trying to overthrow non-communist South Vietnam. The reason why Australia felt that it was vital to help the United States fight in this war was because of the advice we received from Washington telling us that if we help the United States fight North Vietnam, then when Australia need military assisstance, USA would help us. Fear of communism was also another reason which lead to Australia fighting in the Vietnam war. We believed that if one more Asian country fell into communism, other countries as well as Australia would follow. This was called the ‘Domino Theory'. As well as responding to the threat of communism overseas, Australia also took precautions within the country. In 1949, Robert Menzies promised that he would ban the Communist Party Dissolution Bill which outlawed the Communist Party. The Bill was ruled as unconstitutional by the High Court and was narrowly defeated after a referendum was held. Many Australians feared that communism was getting closer and they were quite worried. It was time for an elction and the Labor Party was confident that they were going to win thhe next elecion. Just shortly before the election, there was a huge ‘spy scare'. This was the Petrov affair. It was about Petrov and his wife Evdokia who provided detailed documents about a Soviet Spy Ring operating in Australia. Robert Menzies used this case and used the fear of communism for his own political ends, which made him win the election. This was how the Australian government responded to the threat of communism after WWII ended.

Introduction speech Essay

Every single person faces obstacles, whether they are big or small. Either learning how to swim, driving a car for the first time, or even waking up for an 8AM class. These are just a few obstacles that occur daily. One major obstacle that constantly gets overlooked is change. A prime example of a major change in a child’s life is the transition from high school to college. Starting college, a ne place with new people, can be a daunting task for anyone. Your classmate, Abby Howell showed her true character and optimism when her adjustment to Madison didn’t go as expected. Abby, like any other 18 year old, was nervous about coming to college. She was nervous about leaving her safe haven she called home, and because of that she decided to chose Madison, a mere 9 miles from her family in McFarland. Abby arrived to school with an optimistic mindset. The nerves and jitters had surpassed and she was truly starting to get the hang of things. It was August 30th, and the sun was beaming down on Abby as she rode her bike. The sidewalk was packed so Abby had to keep switching from the sidewalk to the grass in order to avoid the pedestrians. However, one time while making the uphill venture toward the sidewalk, her front tire clipped the edge of the curb and her bike tumbled over. Abby broke the fall with her hands and ended up shattering her wrist. It’s kind of ironic; Abby was looking out for the well being of others and in turn was the one that ended up getting injured. Rather than dwell on the unlucky situation, Abby views it in a positive way and lets everyone know that â€Å"it could have been worse.† The way in which Abby handled breaking her wrist just goes to show her optimistic view on life. Abby is constantly looking at the glass half full, and is always searching for the best in every situation. Honestly, how would you have reacted?

Free Essays on Napolean Bonaparte

Napoleon was one of the most influential people in our great world’s history. In his lifetime, he managed to conquer over half of Europe. Though he ruled as a dictator, most of the people in his kingdom looked at him as their greatest hero. Even today he is revealed as one of the greatest historical figures in any period of time. He was an intelligent, cunning, and very brave leader. It is not only the French, but also all people, who know of the name Napoleon Bonaparte. Some look at him as a legend, others a peacemaker, while others see Napoleon as a ruthless, terribly hungry, conqueror. He lived at a time when the world was going through a great change. Napoleon gained his great reputation through the military, then, as his reputation was at its greatest, crowned himself emperor and boldly led the French into a new era. Napoleon was born on August 15, 1769, in Ajaccio, Corsica. He was originally given the name Napoleane but in French, it became known as Napoleon Bonaparte. He was the second of eight children.(World Book, 16) His mother was Letiza Ranoliao Bonaparte and his father was Carlo Buonaparte both of Corsican-Italian heritage. No Buonaparte had ever been in the military. His father, Carlo, was a lawyer who had fought for Corsican independence but after France occupied the island he served as prosecutor and judge under the French aristocracy. (Internet) Napoleon was educated, because of his brother’s high power, at the expense of King Louis XVI at Brienne, Ecole Militaire, and Paris. Napoleon graduated in 1785, at the age of sixteen, and joined the artillery as second lieutenant.(Encarta, 2) In 1795, Napoleon met Josephine de Beauharnias. She was born on the island of Martiney and had been married to Alexander de Beauharnias at the age of sixteen and had given birth to two children, Eugene and Hortense. Alexander, a nobleman from Orleans, was excited in 1794. The marriage took place on March 9, 1796. ... Free Essays on Napolean Bonaparte Free Essays on Napolean Bonaparte Napoleon was one of the most influential people in our great world’s history. In his lifetime, he managed to conquer over half of Europe. Though he ruled as a dictator, most of the people in his kingdom looked at him as their greatest hero. Even today he is revealed as one of the greatest historical figures in any period of time. He was an intelligent, cunning, and very brave leader. It is not only the French, but also all people, who know of the name Napoleon Bonaparte. Some look at him as a legend, others a peacemaker, while others see Napoleon as a ruthless, terribly hungry, conqueror. He lived at a time when the world was going through a great change. Napoleon gained his great reputation through the military, then, as his reputation was at its greatest, crowned himself emperor and boldly led the French into a new era. Napoleon was born on August 15, 1769, in Ajaccio, Corsica. He was originally given the name Napoleane but in French, it became known as Napoleon Bonaparte. He was the second of eight children.(World Book, 16) His mother was Letiza Ranoliao Bonaparte and his father was Carlo Buonaparte both of Corsican-Italian heritage. No Buonaparte had ever been in the military. His father, Carlo, was a lawyer who had fought for Corsican independence but after France occupied the island he served as prosecutor and judge under the French aristocracy. (Internet) Napoleon was educated, because of his brother’s high power, at the expense of King Louis XVI at Brienne, Ecole Militaire, and Paris. Napoleon graduated in 1785, at the age of sixteen, and joined the artillery as second lieutenant.(Encarta, 2) In 1795, Napoleon met Josephine de Beauharnias. She was born on the island of Martiney and had been married to Alexander de Beauharnias at the age of sixteen and had given birth to two children, Eugene and Hortense. Alexander, a nobleman from Orleans, was excited in 1794. The marriage took place on March 9, 1796. ...

Exploring stereotypes through the film Crash 2005 Essays

Exploring stereotypes through the film Crash 2005 Essays Exploring stereotypes through the film Crash 2005 Paper Exploring stereotypes through the film Crash 2005 Paper who previously has been accused of being racist. Consequently it could be argued that they could have had control of the overall ideology behind the film. All those who challenge the hegemonic ideology forced upon us are represented as negatively and are stereotyped in order to control them. This theory is evident in the film when we see Officer Ryan rescues Christine. The previous racist white male is redeemed by his heroism, while the black woman is reduced to incoherence by the situation and is forced to be silently grateful for his transcendence. The idea that from each scene a intelligible and blatant moral is expressed purposely provokes the audience to decide if in reality this how prejudice is expressed or if in fact people are more understanding. The reception theory initiated from the work of Hans-Robert Jauss is greatly supported by Hall. This textual analysis focuses on the capacity for compromise and resistance on behalf of the audience. This means that there is an aspect of viewing in which the audience will not passively absorb a text instead they will actively negotiate the meaning. The meaning will an individual conceive depends on their cultural background, as a result of the background some will accept a text and others will reject it. The reading of the representations could be seen in two ways depending on the beliefs and background of each individual viewer. Paul Haggis stated I hate as Americans we just love to define people. We love to say Good person, Bad person. In this film at least I didnt want us to be judging others. I wanted us to be judging ourselves. This offers us an insight into his original intention for the film, with the idea that the film would revolve around race decided later. The twin elements of accident (literally and figuratively) and coincidence connect the various stories, which are intended to prove that people form harmful prejudices from a combination of impressions and individual psychoses. I believe Ethnic stereotypes play a very significant role in the understanding of the film Crash, On either of its two dimensions. In order to understand the film either on a simplistic representational level, or else seeing the film as an example of maybe considering social conflicts as externalisations of a fundamentally internal crisis, which therefore allow the audience to realise that the complexity found in each character can in fact undermine the entire concept of a stereotype, consequently producing realistic individuals who are surrounded by racial conflict in post 9/11. To understand and examine racial issues in the after math of 9/11 looking towards real life will enable us to predict the stereotypes that may also become hegemonic ideologies in America.

Human Rights Law amp; Business Essay

Human Rights Law amp; Business Essay Human Rights Law Business Essay Essay Writing and Samples The following free essay sample is posted here with the hope to give you some ideas on essay writing. You may also take a look at academic tips on research paper topic ideas, term paper format, narrative essay writing and management coursework writing in our blog. Human Rights Law BusinessIt has become evident in recent years that human rights violations occur not only from states, but also from various other actors such as transnational corporations (TNCs) (Habegger Roland 2). TNCs play an important role in global economy and can use their economic capability to achieve political objectives (Habegger Roland 2). Consequently, some TNCs may misuse their influence to the extent of violating human rights in various forms (Habegger Roland 2). To avoid this, there have been various efforts, such as United Nations conventions, by the international community to make TNCs and other businesses promote and protect human rights. To evaluate the effective enforceability of those conventions, it is essential to focus on the human rights issues that the conventions look after, and their strengths and weaknesses of in doing so. The number of initiatives and standards that are meant for corporate social responsibility has increased over the years (Report 4). They include international instruments such as treaties and declarations; nationally based standards such as constitutional provisions and national laws; certification schemes such as the Worldwide Responsible Apparel Production (WRAP); and voluntary initiatives that are adopted by businesses on a voluntary basis (Report 4). However, most of these initiatives except for some national standards are non-binding on companies, as they do not have any legal authority to regulate companies (Report 9). Moreover, nationally based standards may not often control the extraterritorial acts of TNCs (Business Human Rights 8). International laws can regulate corporations with regards to human rights issues in two ways, namely indirect and direct (Beyond Voluntarism 1). In contrast to various laws pertaining to companies, such as personal jury law, criminal law, company law and consumer law, International human rights law provides a universal benchmark to objectively measure the behaviour of companies (Beyond Voluntarism 3). Indirect form requires states to observe that companies respect human rights and that failure to do so result in legal consequences, whereas direct form imposes direct obligations on companies (Beyond Voluntarism 3). Accordingly, various conventions, which are listed below, serve in observing the compliance of TNCs with human rights issues.International Covenant on the Elimination of All Forms of RacialDiscrimination (ICERD 1965) (Beyond Voluntarism 22) International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR1966) (Beyond Voluntarism 22) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR 1966) (Beyond Voluntarism 22)Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination againstWomen (CEDAW 1979) (Beyond Voluntarism 22)Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading (Beyond Voluntarism 22) (Beyond Voluntarism 22)Treatment or Punishment (CAT 1984) (Beyond Voluntarism 22)Convention on the Rig hts of the Child (CRC 989) (Beyond Voluntarism 22)International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All MigrantWorkers and Members of Their Families (ICPRMW 1990) (Beyond Voluntarism 22) Apart from these, the International Labour Organisation (ILO) has formed many treaties to cover various rights for workers, especially concerning health and safety issues, prohibitions on forced and child labour, and the right to organize unions (Beyond Voluntarism 22). These conventions help in regulating companies with respect to various aspects of the human rights, such as non-discrimination; womens rights; life, liberty and physical integrity of the person; civic freedoms; employees rights; child labour; slavery, forced and bonded labour; economic, social and cultural rights; and voluntarism and market forces(Beyond Voluntarism 7-34). Conventions require states to regulate and adjudicate corporate activities with regard to rights capable of abuse by private parties (Background Pa per 2). However, these conventions do not often direct obligations to corporations. Instead, they focus on measures to be taken by states to control any corporate abuses with respect to human rights (Background Paper 2). Nevertheless, conventions related to most recently adopted treaties such as ICRMW and ICRPD specifically mention businesses in this regard (Background Paper 3).Different treaty bodies related to respective conventions focus more on certain types of companies and businesses than others that states need to formulate regulations to protect against abuse with respect to human rights by those companies (Background Paper 3). To be precise, states need to take necessary steps to regulate the acts of logging and property development companies in the context of resource exploitation in the lands of indigenous people (Background Paper 3). Also, focus on healthcare does not pertain only to private healthcare providers but also includes pharmaceutical and manufacturing companie s that perform activities, which may threaten food and water resources (Background Paper 3). However, they need to have adequate and appropriate focus on other sectors and companies as well (Background Paper 3).Also, conventions require that states need to have various measures to effectively regulate and adjudicate corporate activities (Background Paper 3). The measures may range from legislative measures, to prohibit abuse and proscribe certain behaviour to administrative and judicial mechanisms to effectively investigate all complaints of human rights violations by companies (Background Paper 3). However, implementation of conventions guidelines depends on states own discretion (Background Paper 3). Also, states have to provide with appropriate remedial measures in case of human rights violations (Background Paper 3). However, there is no clarity in conventions whether regulation and adjudication should direct at respective corporate entity itself or natural persons acting on beh alf of that company (Background Paper 4). Moreover, there is no clear distinction in this regard between state and non-sate owned companies (Background Paper 4). Though some treaty bodies such as CESCR mentioned about state-owned facilities, it is not clear whether these facilities are similar to state-owned corporations (Background Paper 4).Territorial factor is crucial in regulating transnational corporations, as the convention do not directly control except for requiring respective states to do so. In view of this, states may control the activities of companies outside the states national territories through a legislation called prescriptive extraterritorial jurisdiction (Background Paper 5). However, such control needs to consider various aspects such as the nationality of offenders and/or victims, territory where the company has violated human rights, and non-intervention of other states internal affairs (Background Paper 4). From the above discussion, there are certain weakne sses for conventions that prevent them from being effectively enforceable. Conventions are mostly non-binding on companies. The system only works when the potential violators of human rights prefer it to work. Also, states can follow the guidelines of those conventions on their own discretion. In the current state, conventions do not give adequate reference to all sectors and/or companies. Moreover, there is no clarity on the roles of the states in dealing with the acts of state-owned and non-state owned companies. As conventions do not directly influence and/or regulate transnational corporations, states cannot effectively regulate and adjudicate the acts of companies outside states national territories for various reasons such as trans-border limitations. Also, states may be reluctant in enforcing the spirit of conventions states when there is connivance between a state and a TNC in which the state may benefit from the failure to enforce human rights obligations (Deva 26). States may ignore human rights obligations to attract foreign investments (Deva 26). Also, some developing states may not have adequate legal and/or economic capability to enforce HR obligations (Deva 26). Furthermore, differences in legal systems among states may be another problem (Deva 26). Above all, there are no clear sanctions that are enforceable by any convention when a transnational corporation violates human rights (Deva 10). There are several examples to explain the ineffectiveness of conventions in enforcing human rights obligations. To start with, Malaysia became a signor to the UNs CRC in 1995 (qtd. in Shirali 1). After five years, the Malaysian government started to contravene the convention with the flow of foreign investments into the country (Shirali 1). Transnational companies like Nike and Reebok were allowed to exploit Malaysias children, making them work for long hours, often twelve hours a day, with scheduled bathroom breaks (Shirali 1). This is in absolute contras t with Section 1 of Article 19 of the convention that reads: State Parties shall take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment, or exploitation (qtd. in Shirali 1). Thus, the above mentioned act was a clear violation of the convention. However, neither the Malaysian government nor respective transnational companies had to face economic or any other kind of sanctions (Shirali 1). It explains that the indirect approach of conventions, in which states are required to regulate transnational companies and other businesses at their own discretion, is not effective in protecting human rights. In another example of human rights violation, Banco Santander Central Hispano (SCH) is Spanish bank, which is the largest private bank in Latin America and the Caribbean (Banco Santander 1). SCH is accused as a co-responsible entity in relation to the displacement of 1.4 million local people most of who are rubber producers, nut collectors and fishermen (Banco Santander 1). Nearly 5,000 families will become landless due to the lack of any plans for their resettlement or compensation (Banco Santander 1). Also, the construction will impact the drinking water in that region, increasing the malaria cases simultaneously (Banco Santander 1). In spite of its intensive corporate responsibility drive, SCH has failed to achieve compliance with weak international laws that regulate the actions of an international bank (Banco Santander 1). The United Nations ICESCR andILO's169 Convention lack the necessary enforceability to address the grievances of respective indigenous people (Banco Santander 1). To address the issues of ineffectiveness of conventions UN has proposed some norms to protect human rights from potential violations of TNCs. Accordingly, TNCs need to be compliant with the norms and submit to monitoring by the UN and other entities on their application of the Norms (Braaten 6). Though the mechanism seems like encouraging a direct approach by making TNCs directly responsible with human rights obligations, it still lacks clarity on how to implement the mechanism and the judicial validity of it (Braaten 7). To conclude, conventions are helpful in providing guideline to states on protecting and promoting human rights with regard to transnational corporations and other businesses. However, the lack of a direct approach and other related mechanisms to treat companies as directly responsible entities makes these conventions not so effective in protecting human rights.